152 research outputs found
Is the theory of a falling profit rate valid?
Marx's theory of the falling rate of profit makes two main appearances in his work.
The first is in Chapter 25 of Capital Volume 1, entitled: The General Law of Capitalist
Accumulation. It is further developed in Part III of Volume 3 of Capital, entitled The
Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall.
In this paper I will outline the structure of the theory presented in these two
volumes of Capital. Following that I will look at some criticisms that have been levelled
at it. I will go on to argue that the criticisms are based on a misunderstanding of some
of the dynamic causal mechanisms that Marx assumed. Following on from this I shall
present a dynamic solution to the equations of accumulation and show under what
circumstances these lead to a falling rate of profit. The dynamic model will then be
used to analyse the trajectories of some contemporary capitalist economies and to help
understand the current structure of the world economy
Marxian Reproduction Prices Versus Prices of Production: Probability and Convergence
I shall argue two main points. The first is that although Marx is
conventionally taken to have formulated two different theories of
price in the the three volumes of Capital, labour values in volume
I and prices of production in volume III, there is actually a third
theory, hidden inside the reproduction schemes of volume II. This
theory is not explicit, but can be logically deduced from the constraints
that he presents on simple reproduction. It is not a theory of individual
prices, but a theory of relative sectoral prices.
I will go on to argue that this theory of sectoral prices allows us
to make probabilistic arguments about the relative likely-hood that
either production prices or labour values will operate at the level
of reproduction schemes. This paper provides a measure on the configuration
space associated with Marxian prices of production and labour values.
By use of random matrix techniques it shows that the solutions space
associated with prices of production is similar to that associated
with classical labour values.
In the latter part of the paper, a sample of reproduction schemes
is simulated over time, under assumptions of capital movement,
to see whether such systems dynamically converge on prices of production.
It is found that some converge, and some fail to converge
Mises, Kantorovich and Economic Computation
An article that reviews the work of Kantorovich in the light of von Mises claim that rational calculations were impossible without markets. It gives a tutorial introduction to the use of Kantorovich's methods, compares his approach to that of Dantzig. An assesment is given of the extent to which new interior point methods of linear programming strengthen or weaken Kantorovich's claims.Kantorovich, Linear-programming, von-Mises
Humans, robots and values
The issue of machines replacing humans dates back to
the dawn of industrialisation. In this paper we examine what is
fundamental in the distinction between human and
robotic work by reflecting on the work of the classical political economists and engineers. We examine the
relationship between the ideas of machine work and
human work on the part of Marx and Watt as well as their role
in the creation of economic value. We examine the
extent to which artificial power sources could feasibly
substitute for human effort in their arguments.
We go on to examine the differing views of Smith and
Marx with respect to the economic effort contributed
by animals and consider whether the philosophical
distinction made between human and non-human work
can be sustained in the light of modern biological
research. We emphasise the non-universal
character of animal work before going on to discuss
the ideas of universal machines in Capek and Turing giving as a counter example a cloth-folding
robot being developed in our School.
We then return to Watt and discuss the development
of thermodynamics and information theory. We show
how recent research has led to a unification not
only of these fields but also a unitary understanding
of the labour process and the value-creation process.
We look at the implications of general robotisation for profitability and the future
of capitalism. For this we draw on the work of
von Neumann not only on computers but also in
economics to point to the {\em real} threat posed
by robots
Array languages and the challenges of modern computer architecture
There has always been a close relationship between programming language design and computer design. Electronic computers and programming languages are both 'computers' in Turing's sense. They are systems which allow the performance of bounded universal computation. Each allows any computable function to be evaluated, up to some memory limit. This equivalence has been understood since the 30s' when Turing machines (Turing 1937) were shown to be of the same computational power as the λ calculus
Optimising Simulation Data Structures for the Xeon Phi
In this paper, we propose a lock-free architecture
to accelerate logic gate circuit simulation using SIMD multi-core
machines. We evaluate its performance on different test circuits
simulated on the Intel Xeon Phi and 2 other machines. Comparisons
are presented of this software/hardware combination with
reported performances of GPU and other multi-core simulation
platforms. Comparisons are also given between the lock free
architecture and a leading commercial simulator running on the
same Intel hardware
Heinrich's idea of abstract labour
The article reviews Heinrich’s An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx’s
Capital. It questions three main features of Heinrich’s work: its defence of teleology, its
view that no empirical proof is needed of the labour theory of value and its particular
monetary interpretation of the theory of value. This approach, it argues, is anti-scientific
Can we meaningfully speak of changes in price under the regime of changes in techniques?
This paper presents a simulation exercise on Sraffa's system under various types of technical changes to show that the direction of changes in prices of commodities is contingent on the choice of the numeraire. Thus, such a comparison of prices in two systems turns out to be meaningless. This result points to the arbitrary nature of the neoclassical supply functions, as they inevitably compare prices across several Sraffa systems on the basis of an arbitrarily chosen numeraire. We anticipated such a result from our reading of Sraffa as part of his 'prelude to a critique of economic theory'
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